Lithium batteries are a general term for chemical power sources that use
metallic lithium or lithium containing substances as negative electrodes. It is
a new type of high specific energy battery system that has been developed in the
past decade. The idea of using active metals such as lithium and sodium as
negative electrodes for batteries was first proposed by a researcher born in
1958 at the University of California in the United States. In the 1970s, Yasuro
Fukuda of Panasonic Electric Company in Japan first invented and applied lithium
fluoride carbon batteries. From then on, lithium batteries gradually moved from
experimental research to practicality and commercialization. Due to the
excellent performance of lithium batteries, various countries are competing to
develop various new types of lithium batteries to meet military and consumer
needs, such as lithium iodine batteries (1972), lithium chromate batteries
(1973), lithium sulfur dioxide batteries (1974), lithium sulfite chloride
batteries (1974), lithium copper oxide batteries (1975), lithium manganese
dioxide batteries (1976), lithium molybdenum disulfide batteries (1989),
lithium-ion batteries (1991), and lithium manganese dioxide batteries (1994).
Especially in the early 1990s, the high specific energy and long life
lithium-ion batteries invented and launched by Sony Energy Technology in Japan
greatly promoted the development of the lithium-ion battery industry.
Lithium ion batteries have many superior characteristics, such as high
energy, high safety, wide operating temperature range, stable operating voltage,
and long storage life (compared to other batteries). In terms of safety,
lithium-ion batteries are much safer than other batteries. Especially with the
adoption of control measures, the safety of lithium-ion batteries has been
greatly guaranteed. The battery has undergone abuse tests such as overcharging,
short circuit, puncture, and impact (voltage), and no danger has occurred.
Lithium ion batteries, like Cd Ni and MH Ni batteries, can charge quickly and
have no memory effect, making them far superior to Cd Ni batteries; Its self
discharge rate is much lower than that of MH-Ni batteries. From the perspective
of environmental protection, the World Environmental Protection Organization has
long classified cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) as harmful substances.
Therefore, the use of batteries containing these three elements has been
restricted, especially in Europe where some governments have significantly
raised environmental taxes on certain batteries, while lithium-ion batteries do
not have these issues.
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