What kinds of batteries can be used in electric vehicles?

　　Before explaining the History and Classification of Battery Development, today's lecturer: Chen Qinggui asked the audience to do a small experiment on battery power generation, which uses the reaction of magnesium and carbon in the electrolyte to form an external current to light a small bulb. This interesting experiment gives you a preliminary and intuitive understanding of the power generation principle of primary batteries. Then, he introduced in detail the development history of lithium battery for automotive power, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of batteries and batteries with different shapes, and the battery characteristics used by Volkswagen PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle) and Bev (pure electric vehicle). In 1799, volt completed the world's first battery experiment and manufactured the world's first battery volt stack. Since then, alkaline batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, lead acid batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries and lithium metal batteries have been introduced. Many kinds of batteries are generally divided into chemical batteries, physical batteries and biological batteries. Among them, chemical cells are the most commonly used, including primary cells, secondary cells and fuel power cells. The battery that can only be used once and cannot be charged is called the main battery, while the auxiliary battery is used in the automobile and can be charged and discharged for many times. According to different cathode materials, secondary batteries are divided into nickel chromium batteries (NiCd), nickel metal hydride batteries (NIMH), lead-acid batteries and lithium ion batteries. Chen Qinggui explained four types of batteries respectively:

　　(1) Nickel cadmium battery Nickel cadmium battery is a very ideal DC power battery, which can be recharged and discharged more than 500 times, and is economical and durable. It has small internal resistance, fast charging, can provide large current to the load, and the voltage changes little when discharging. Its biggest disadvantage is the memory effect. If you used 80% of the power last time and charged when the remaining power is 20%, you can only release 80% of the power when the power is full the next time you use it

　　(2) Lead acid battery Lead acid battery is a classic automotive battery, which is still widely used. It uses Pb as the negative electrode, PbO2 as the positive electrode, and 30% H2SO4 solution as the electrolyte. When discharging, the positive pole of the battery gains electrons and the negative pole loses electrons; During charging, the positive pole of the battery loses electrons and the negative pole gains electrons. The reaction equation is: the voltage of vehicle lead-acid battery is usually 12V, which is composed of six 2V lead-acid plates in series. The traditional lead-acid battery is a wet battery. During use, evaporation of water will lead to changes in electrolyte concentration. Water and electrolyte should be added regularly for maintenance. Later, enhanced rich liquid battery (EFB) and glass fiber battery (AGM) appeared, which solved the problem of water evaporation of lead-acid battery without liquid maintenance

　　(3) NiMH battery NiMH battery has higher energy density than NiCd battery. It uses Ni (OH) 2 as cathode material and metal hydride as cathode material (i.e. hydrogen storage alloy or hydrogen storage electrode). 6molL potassium hydroxide solution is used as electrolyte. The reaction equation is that MH Ni battery has the advantage of no toxic metal and no memory effect. Its electrolyte exists in solid form, making the battery safer

　　(4) Lithium ion battery Lithium ion battery is a new generation of battery and the most commonly used battery at present. It is widely used in the fields of power bank, mobile phone, electric vehicle, etc. It uses carbon materials (graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, etc.) as cathode materials, lithium metal compounds as cathode materials, and lithium salt solvent as electrolyte. Lithium ion batteries are divided into lithium cobalt oxide LCO, lithium nickel oxide LNO, lithium manganate LMO, lithium iron phosphate LFP, lithium nickel cobalt aluminate NCA, lithium nickel cobalt manganate NCM, etc. According to the proportion of the three elements, they are also divided into ncm611, ncm811 and other models. During the charging process, the battery is connected to the external power supply, the positive pole of the power supply is added to the cathode, the negative pole of the power supply is added to the anode, the lithium ion lithium ion is separated from the positive pole and embedded into the negative pole, and the negative pole is in a lithium rich state to store electric potential energy. When discharging, the battery is connected to an external load. Lithium ion lithium ion is separated from the negative electrode and embedded into the positive electrode to release the electric potential energy stored during charging. Because of this working principle, lithium ion batteries are also known as rocking chair batteries. Lithium ion batteries only contain a small amount of water and have no memory effect. The energy density is twice that of nickel cadmium battery.

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